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 Á¦¸ñ  ¿¡À̺귯ÇÜ ¸µÄÁ(Abraham Lincoln, 1809.2.12~1865.4.15)
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¿¡À̺귯ÇÜ ¸µÄÁ(Abraham Lincoln)Àº ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ Á¦16´ë(1861³â~1865³â) ´ëÅë·ÉÀ¸·Î ±×ÀÇ ½Å¾Ó½É°ú ³²ºÏ ÀüÀï¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¾÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ðµç ¹Ì±¹ ´ëÅë·É ¼³¹®Á¶»ç¿¡¼­ °ÅÀÇ 1À§¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â Àι°ÀÌ´Ù.

 

1809³â 2¿ù 12ÀÏ ÄËÅÍÅ° ÁÖÀÇ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Å볪¹« Áý¿¡¼­ ž´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö Åè ¸µÄÁÀº ³ªÀÌ°¡ 50¼¼°¡ ³ÑÀ» ¶§±îÁöµµ ¼ÒÀÛÀÎÀ¸·Î »ê ¸ñ¼ö¿´À¸¸ç, ±×´Â ¸µÄÁÀÌ ¸ñ¼ö°¡ µÇ±â¸¦ ¹Ù·¨´Ù. ¸µÄÁÀº ¾î·ÈÀ»¶§ Å°°¡ Å©°í ¸»¶ó¼­ ¸Â´Â ¿ÊÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.

¸µÄÁÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´Ï ³½½Ã´Â ¸µÄÁ¿¡°Ô ¼º°æÀ» ÀоîÁÖ°í, ÆòÈ­´Â °¡Ä¡ÀÖ´Â ½Î¿òº¸´Ù ´õ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â°É °¡¸£ÃÆ´Ù. ¾î¸Ó´Ï ³½½Ã´Â 1818³â µ¶ÀÌ µç Ç®À» ¸ÔÀº ¼Ò¿¡¼­ § ¿ìÀ¯¸¦ ¸Ô°í º´¿¡ °É·Á ¼¼»óÀ» ¶°³µ´Ù. ¾Æ³»ÀÇ Á×À½À¸·Î Áý¾ÈÀ» µ¹º¼ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾ø°Ô µÇÀÚ, ÅèÀº ¾î¸°½ÃÀýºÎÅÍ ¾Ë°í Áö³»´ø Ä£±¸ÀÎ »ç¶ó ºÎ½Ã Á¸½ºÅÏ°ú 1819³â 12¿ù¿¡ ÀçÈ¥ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ºÎÁö·±ÇÑ ¼º°ÝÀÇ »ç¶ó´Â ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÌ À߸øÇÏ¸é ¸Å¸¦ µå´Â Åè°ú´Â ´Þ¸® ¾ÆÀ̵éÀ» ¼ÒÁßÇÏ°Ô ´ëÇß°í, Ã¥À» ÁÁ¾ÆÇÏ´Â ¸µÄÁÀÇ ÆíÀ» µé¾îÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ´öºÐ¿¡ ¸µÄÁÀº Á¤±Ô±³À°À» °ÅÀÇ ¹ÞÁö ¸øÇßÁö¸¸ dzºÎÇÑ µ¶¼­¸¦ ÅëÇØ Áö½ÄÀ» ¾ò¾ú´Ù. û³â½Ã±â¿¡´Â ¿ìü±¹Àå, º¯È£»ç , ¹î»ç°ø, °¡°ÔÁ¡¿ø, ÅäÁöÃø·® µî ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÀÏ¿¡ Á¾»çÇϸ鼭 ¿Â°® °í»ýÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

 

1832³â¿¡ Àϸ®³ëÀÌ ÁÖ ÀÇȸ¼±°Å¿¡ Ã⸶ÇÏ¿´À¸³ª ³«¼±ÇÏ¿© ù Á¤Ä¡°æÇèÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Ù. 1833³â¿¡´Â °ü½ÉÀÌ ÀÖ´ø ¹ý·üÀ» È¥ÀÚ °øºÎÇÏ¿© º¯È£»ç ÀÚ°ÝÀ» ÃëµæÇÏ¿´´Ù. 1834³â Àϸ®³ëÀÌ ÁÖ ÀÇ¿ø´ç¼±À» ½ÃÀÛÀ¸·Î Á¤Ä¡°è¿¡ ÀÔ¹®, 1846³â ¿¬¹æ ±¹È¸ ÇÏ¿øÀÇ¿ø¿¡ ´ç¼±µÇ¾ú´Ù. 1858³â »ó¿øÀ§¿ø¼±°Å¿¡ ³ª¼­¼­ ÀÌ¹Ì »ó¿øÀ§¿ø °æÇèÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ³ë·ÃÇÑ Á¤Ä¡°¡ ´õ±Û·¯½º »ó¿øÀ§¿ø°ú °æÀïÀ» ¹úÀδÙ. À̶§ À̵éÀÇ ³íÀï ÁÖÁ¦´Â ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ·Î½á ´ç½Ã ¸µÄÁÀº ºÐ¿­µÈ ÁýÀº »ì¾Æ³²À» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â ¿¬¼³·Î ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ·Î ´ë¸³ÇÏ´ø ¹Ì±¹ÀεéÀÇ ´Ü°áÀ» È£¼ÒÇÏ¿´´Ù. °á°ú´Â ´õ±Û·¯½ºÀÇ »ó¿øÀ§¿ø Àç¼±À̾úÁö¸¸, ´õ±Û·¯½º¿ÍÀÇ ³íÀï ¶§ ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ¸¦ ¡°¾ÇÀÇ Á¦µµ¡±¶ó°í ºñÆÇÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡ ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ ¹Ý´ë·ÐÀÚ¶ó´Â ÀνÄÀ» ½É¾îÁÖ¾ú´Ù. °øÈ­´çÀÇ ´ëÅë·É È帷ΠÁö¸íµÇ¾ú°í, 1861³â 3¿ù¿¡ ´ëÅë·É¿¡ ´ç¼±µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯ÀÚ ³²ºÎ¿¡¼­´Â ¡®³ë¿¹¹Ý´ë·ÐÀÚ¡¯°¡ ´ëÅë·ÉÀÌ µÈ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ À§±â°¨À» °ø°ø¿¬ÇÏ°Ô µå·¯³Â°í, ¸µÄÁ Àڽŵµ ¿¹»óÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ ³²ºÏÀüÀïÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù. ÀüÀï ÁßÀÌ´ø 1864³â 11¿ù¿¡ Àç¼±¿¡ ¼º°øÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, 1865³â 4¿ù 3ÀÏ ³²ºÏÀüÀïÀº ³²ºÎÀÇ Ç׺¹À¸·Î ³¡³µÀ¸¸ç, 1865³â 4¿ù 14ÀÏ ¿¬±ØÀ» º¸´Ù°¡ ÃÑ°ÝÀ» ´çÇß°í, ±×´ÙÀ½³¯ ¼ûÀ» °ÅµÎ¾ú´Ù. ¾Æ¸¶µµ ±×ÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀº ³²ºÏ°¥µî¶§¹®ÀÏÁöµµ ¸ô¶óµµ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ Àεð¾ð ¹ÚÇØ¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ Àü½ÂÀÎ Å×Äñ¼¼ÀÇ ÀúÁÖ ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×·± µí ÇÏ´Ù.

 

¸µÄÁÀ» ¾Ï»ìÇÑ Á¸ ÀªÅ©½º ºÎ½º´Â ÀçÆǵµ ¹Þ±â Àü¿¡ Àǹ®»çÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡, ¹èÈÄ°¡ ºÐ¸íÇÏ°Ô ¹àÇôÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.


¿¡À̺귯ÇÜ ¸µÄÁÀÇ Ã¹ ÃëÀÓ ¿¬¼³(1861³â 3¿ù4ÀÏ)

[Çå¹ý»óÀÇ °ßÁ¦¿Í Á¦¾à¿¡ µû¶ó ÀÚÁ¦ÇÒ ÁÙ ¾Æ´Â Òý⦾߸»·Î ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ±¹¹ÎÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÏ°í ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÁÖ±ÇÀÚÀÔ´Ï´Ù. À̸¦ °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷Àº ÇÊ¿¬ÄÚ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚ³ª ÆøÁ¤À¸·Î ³ª°¥ ¼ö¹Û¿¡ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù¡»

¡°A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations¡¦ is the only true sovereign of a free people. Whoever rejects it does of necessity fly to anarchy or to despotism.¡±

[¿¬¼³ÀÇ ¹è°æ] ¸µÄÁ ´ëÅë·ÉÀº ù ÃëÀӻ翡¼­ ¹Ì±¹ ¿¬¹æÀÇ ºÐ¿­À» ¸·°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ´ÜÈ£ÇÑ ÀÇÁö¸¦ õ¸íÇÑ´Ù. ¸µÄÁÀÌ 16´ë ´ëÅë ·ÉÀ¸·Î ÃëÀÓÇϱ⠹ٷΠÀü, ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ ÆóÁö¸¦ µÎ·Á¿öÇÑ ³²ºÎ 7°³ ÁÖ°¡ ºÐ¸® µ¶¸³À» ¼±¾ðÇß´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹è°æ¿¡¼­ ÃëÀÓÇÑ ¸µÄÁ ´ëÅë·É Àº ¿¬¹æÀÌ ¿Ö ¿µ¿øÈ÷ º¸ÀüµÅ¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö, ¿¬¹æÀ» À§ÇØ ¿Ö ÀüÀïµµ ºÒ»çÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö¸¦ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿Í Á¤¿¬ÇÑ ³í¸®¸¦ ÅëÇØ ±¹¹Îµé¿¡ °Ô ¼³¸íÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¸µÄÁÀº ºÐ¸®´Â ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ºÐ¸®¸¦ ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ³ºÀ» °ÍÀ̹ǷΠÀÌ °°Àº È¥¶õÀ» ¸·±â À§Çؼ­´Â ±âÁ¸ ¿¬¹æÀÇ º¸Àü ÀÌ ºÒ°¡ÇÇÇÏ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¬¹æÀº Çå¹ý ÀÌÀü¿¡ Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú°í µ¶¸³¼±¾ð¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °ø°íÇØÁø ¿ª»çÀû »ç½ÇÀ» »ó±â½ÃÅ°¸é¼­, ³ë¿¹Á¦ µµ¸¦ µÑ·¯½Ñ °¥µîÀ¸·Î ¿¬¹æÀÌ Æı«µÉ ¼ö ¾øÀ½À» ¸íÈ®È÷ ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. À§±â Ã˹ßÀÇ »óȲ¿¡¼­ ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ ÀÚü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³íÀǺ¸´Ù´Â ¹Ì ±¹¹ÎÀÇ Á¤Ã¼¼º°ú ¾Ö±¹½É¿¡ È£¼ÒÇÑ ¸µÄÁÀÇ ÁöÇý°¡ µ¸º¸ÀδÙ. ÀÌ ¿¬¼³Àº ¶ÇÇÑ ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÇ ¹ßÀü¿¡µµ Å« ±â¿©¸¦ Çß´Ù. ±¹¹Î¿¡°Ô¼­ ±ÇÇÑÀ» À§ÀÓ¹ÞÀº ´ëÅë·ÉÀÌ Á¤ºÎ¸¦ ¼öÈ£ÇÒ Àǹ«¸¦ Áö´Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡, ¿ÀÁ÷ ±¹¹Î ´Ù¼öÀÇ ¶æ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¦µµ´Â ¼¼¿öÁö°í ¹Ù²ãÁ®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡, Çå¹ý»óÀÇ °ßÁ¦¿Í ±ÕÇü ÀåÄ¡·Î Á¦¾àÀ» ¹Þ´Â Òý⦰¡ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÁÖ±ÇÀÚ¶ó´Â Á¡ µî, ¸µÄÁ ´ëÅë·ÉÀº ÀÌ ¿¬¼³¹®¿¡¼­ ´Ù¼ö°á ¿ø¸®¿Í ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ ÀÓ¹«¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á¤Ä¡ öÇÐÀ» Àϸñ¿ä¿¬ÇÏ°Ô ¼³¸íÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±¹°¡ ¼öÈ£¸¦ À§Çؼ­´Â Ò®îú±îÁö ºÒ»çÇÏ°Ú´Ù´Â ¸µÄÁ ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ ¸·ÁßÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓ Àǽİú ÀÇÁö°¡ µ¸º¸ÀδÙ.

¹ø¿ª¡¤Çؼ³ Ù¿ñ£×ó - ¿¬¼¼´ë ±¹Á¦Çבּ¸¼Ò ¼ÒÀ塤ڸ ½ºÅÄÆÛµåÓÞ ¹Ú»ç


[ùÛæ»] ¿¡À̺귯ÇÜ ¸µÄÁÀÇ Ã¹ ÃëÀÓ ¿¬¼³(1861³â 3¿ù4ÀÏ)

°øÈ­´çÀÌ Áý±ÇÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ³²ºÎ ÁÖ¹Îµé »çÀÌ¿¡ ±×µéÀÇ Àç»ê°ú ÆòÈ­ ±×¸®°í °³ÀÎÀû ¾ÈÀüÀÌ À§Çè¿¡ óÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â µÎ·Á¿òÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â °Í °°½À´Ï´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×°ÍÀº ÇÕ´çÇÑ ±Ù°Å °¡ ¾ø´Â µÎ·Á¿òÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦ ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù´Â °¡Àå È®½ÇÇÑ Áõ°Å´Â ÃæºÐÇÏ°íµµ ¸ðµÎ°¡ È® ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï °ø°³µÇ¾î ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¹Ù·Î Áö±Ý ¿©·¯ºÐ²² ¸»¾¸µå¸®°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¸ðµç ¿¬¼³¹®¿¡¼­ ±× Áõ°Å¸¦ º¸½Ç ¼ö ÀÖ½À ´Ï´Ù. ±× ÁßÀÇ ÇÑ ¿¬¼³¹®¿¡¼­ ³ª´Â ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ¼±¾ðÇß½À´Ï´Ù.

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[ê«Ùþ] Abraham Lincoln¡¯s First Inaugural Speech(March 4, 1861)

Apprehension seems to exist among the people of the southern states that by the accession of a Republican administration their property and their peace and personal security are to be endangered.

There has never been any reasonable cause for such apprehension. Indeed, the most ample evidence to the contrary has all the while existed and been open to their inspection. It is found in nearly all the published speeches of him who now addresses you. I do but quote from one of those speeches when I declare that.

I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the states where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so¡¦.

It is seventy-two years since the first inauguration of a president under our national Constitution. During that period fifteen different and greatly distinguished citizens have in succession administered the executive branch of the government. They have conducted it through many perils, and generally with great success. Yet, with all this scope of precedent, I now enter upon the same task for the brief constitutional term of four years under great and peculiar difficulty. A disruption of the federal Union, heretofore only menaced, is now formidably attempted.

I hold that in contemplation of universal law and of the Constitution the Union of these states is perpetual. Perpetuity is implied, if not expressed, in the fundamental law of all national governments. It is safe to assert that no government proper ever had a provision in its organic law for its own termination. Continue to execute all the express provisions of our national Constitution, and the Union will endure forever, it being impossible to destroy it except by some action not provided for in the instrument itself. Again: If the United States be not a government proper, but an association of states in the nature of contract merely, can it, as a contract, be peaceably unmade by less than all the parties who made it? One party to a contract may violate it¡ªbreak it, so to speak¡ªbut does it not require all to lawfully rescind it?

Descending from these general principles, we find the proposition that in legal contemplation the Union is perpetual confirmed by the history of the Union itself. The Union is much older than the Constitution. It was formed, in fact, by the Articles of Association in 1774.

It was matured and continued by the Declaration of Independence in 1776. It was further matured, and the faith of all the then thirteen states expressly plighted and engaged that it should be perpetual, by the Articles of Confederation in 1778. And finally, in 1787, one of the declared objects for ordaining and establishing the Constitution was ¡°to form a more perfect Union.¡±

But if destruction of the Union by one or by a part only of the states be lawfully possible, the Union is less perfect than before the Constitution, having lost the vital element of perpetuity.

It follows from these views that no state upon its own mere motion can lawfully get out of the Union; that resolves and ordinances to that effect are legally void; and that acts of violence within any state or states against the authority of the United States are insurrectionary or revolutionary, according to circumstances.

I therefore consider that in view of the Constitution and the laws the Union is unbroken, and to the extent of my ability, I shall take care, as the Constitution itself expressly enjoins upon me, that the laws of the Union be faithfully executed in all the states¡¦. That there are persons in one section or another who seek to destroy the Union at all events and are glad of any pretext

to do it I will neither affirm nor deny; but if there be such, I need address no word to them. To those, however, who really love the Union may I not speak?

Before entering upon so grave a matter as the destruction of our national fabric, with all its benefits, its memories, and its hopes, would it not be wise to ascertain precisely why we do it? Will you hazard so desperate a step while there is any possibility that any portion of the ills you fly from have no real existence? Will you, while the certain ills you fly to are greater than all the real ones you fly from, will you risk the commission of so fearful a mistake?

All profess to be content in the Union if all constitutional rights can be maintained. Is it true, then, that any right plainly written in the Constitution has been denied? I think not. Happily, the human mind is so constituted that no party can reach to the audacity of doing this. Think, if you can, of a single instance in which a plainly written provision of the Constitution has ever been denied. If by the mere force of numbers a majority should deprive a minority of any clearly written constitutional right, it might in a moral point of view justify revolution¡ªcertainly would if such right were a vital one. But such is not our case. All the vital rights of minorities and of individuals are so plainly assured to them by affirmations and negations, guaranties and prohibitions, in the Constitution that controversies never arise concerning them. But no organic law can ever be framed with

a provision specifically applicable to every question which may occur in practical administration. No foresight can anticipate nor any document of reasonable length contain express provisions for all possible questions. Shall fugitives from labor be surrendered by national or by state authority? The Constitution does not expressly say. May Congress prohibit slavery in the territories? The Constitution does not expressly say. Must Congress protect slavery in the territories? The Constitution does not expressly say. From questions of this class spring all our constitutional controversies, and we divide upon them into majorities and minorities. If the minority will not acquiesce, the majority must, or the government must cease. There is no other alternative, for continuing the government is

acquiescence on one side or the other. If a minority in such case will secede rather than acquiesce, they make a precedent which in turn will divide and ruin them, for a minority of their own will secede from them whenever a majority refuses to be controlled by such minority. For instance, why may not any portion of a new confederacy a year or two hence arbitrarily secede again, precisely as portions of the present Union now claim to secede from it? All who cherish disunion sentiments are now being educated to the exact temper of doing this.

Is there such perfect identity of interests among the states to compose a new union as to produce harmony only and prevent renewed secession?

Plainly the central idea of secession is the essence of anarchy. A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, and lways changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people. Whoever rejects it does of necessity fly to anarchy or to despotism. Unanimity is impossible. The rule of a minority, as a permanent arrangement, is wholly inadmissible; so that, rejecting the majority principle, anarchy or despotism in some form is all that is left.

I do not forget the position assumed by some that constitutional questions are to be decided by the Supreme Court, nor do I deny that such decisions must be binding in any case upon the parties to a suit as to the object of that suit, while they are also entitled to very high respect and consideration in all parallel cases by all other departments of the government. And while it is obviously possible that such decision may be erroneous in any given case, still the evil effect following it, being limited to that particular case, with the chance that it may be overruled and never become a precedent for other cases, can better be borne than could the evils of

a different practice. At the same time, the candid citizen must confess that if the policy of the government upon vital questions affecting the whole people is to be irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court, the instant they are made in ordinary litigation between parties in personal actions the people will have ceased to be their own rulers, having to that extent practically resigned their government into the hands of that eminent tribunal. Nor is there in this view any assault upon the court or the judges. It is a duty from which they may not shrink to decide cases properly brought before them, and it is no fault of theirs if others seek to turn their decisions to political purposes. One section of our country believes slavery is right and ought to be extended, while the other believes it is wrong and ought not

to be extended. This is the only substantial dispute. The fugitive slave clause of the Constitution and the law for the suppression of the foreign slave trade are each as well enforced, perhaps, as any law can ever be in a community where the moral sense of the people

imperfectly supports the law itself. The great body of the people abide by the dry legal obligation in both cases, and a few break over in each. This, I think, cannot be perfectly cured, and it would be worse in both cases after the separation of the sections than before. The foreign slave trade, now imperfectly suppressed, would be ultimately revived without restriction in one section, while fugitive slaves, now only partially surrendered, would not be surrendered at all by the other.

Physically speaking, we cannot separate. We cannot remove our respective sections from each other nor build an impassable wall between them. A husband and wife may be divorced and go out of the presence and beyond the reach of each other, but the different parts of our country cannot do this. They cannot but remain face to face, and intercourse, either amicable or hostile, must continue between them. Is it possible, then, to make that intercourse more advantageous or more satisfactory after separation than before? Can aliens make treaties easier than friends can make laws? Can treaties be more faithfully enforced between aliens than laws can among friends? Suppose you go to war, you cannot fight always; and when, after much loss on both sides and no gain on either, you cease fighting, the identical old questions, as to terms of intercourse, are again upon you. This country, with its institutions, belongs to the people who inhabit it. Whenever they shall grow, weary of the existing government, they can exercise their constitutional right of amending it or their revolutionary right to dismember or overthrow it¡¦. The chief magistrate derives all his authority from the people, and they have conferred none upon him to fix terms for the separation of the states. The people themselves can do this if also they choose, but the executive as such has nothing to do with it. His duty is to administer the present government as it came to his hands and to transmit it unimpaired by him to his successor. Why should there not be a patient confidence in the ultimate justice of the people? Is there any better or equal hope

in the world? In our present differences, is either party without faith of being in the right? If the Almighty Ruler of nations, with his eternal truth and justice, be on your side of the North, or on yours of the South, that truth and that justice will surely prevail by the judgment of this great tribunal of the American people.

By the frame of the government under which we live this same people have wisely given their public servants but little power for mischief, and have with equal wisdom provided for the return of that little to their own hands at very short intervals. While the people retain their virtue and vigilance, no administration by any extreme of wickedness or folly can very seriously injure the government in the short space of four years.

My countrymen, one and all, think calmly and well upon this whole subject. Nothing valuable can be lost by taking time. If there be an object to hurry any of you in hot haste to a step which you would never take deliberately, that object will be frustrated by taking time; but no good object can be frustrated by it. Such of you as are now dissatisfied still have the old Constitution unimpaired and, on the sensitive point, the laws of your own framing under it; while the new administration will have no immediate power, if it would, to change either. If it were admitted that you who are dissatisfied hold the right side in the dispute, there still is no single good reason for precipitate action. Intelligence, patriotism, Christianity, and a firm reliance on him who has never

yet forsaken this favored land are still competent to adjust in the best way all our present difficulty. In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to ¡°preserve, protect, and defend it.¡± I am loath to close. We are not enemies but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature. 


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