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Crucial Issues on the Remaining Task in Modern Mission:
A suggestion on how to approach the issues
John Kim
Background
Mission is in itself the history of the redemptive work of God in His sovereignty -- that is to say, God¡¯s plan to develop and establish His Kingdom. That is for His glory. And it is for His glory that we, His agents, are commissioned to achieve His plan, just as we are also called to be His people.
According to Dr Ralph Winter, we can view the history of mission as the expansion of the kingdom of God through massive worldwide waves.1 Its modern history can be divided into three big movements: the coastland mission era since William Carey, the inland mission era since Hudson Taylor, and the unreached people group (UPG) mission era that began in the 1930s led by Cameron Townsend and Donald McGavran, and Ralph Winter introducing it as ¡°Frontier Mission¡±. Winter referred to the UPG mission era as the last period in mission history. Such an understanding of these movements in history focuses our attention on the remaining task in mission. Whenever we view the remaining task, we must have a pioneer¡¯s perspective. Our view of the UPG challenge requires that we think of the frontiers.
By the time Winter asserted the importance of UPGs at Lausanne in 1974, an emphasis on contextual theology had arisen as a result of the situation in the third world.2 Research and discussion of contextualization has become an important missiological issue ever since. However, a rather tense atmosphere exists between the former colonial powers who are primarily concerned with the dangers of syncretism, and the newly forming perspective that emphasizes the local
In this situation, we must reach a consensus on the nature of the remaining task in mission that leaves behind the geographical focus and instead views the unfinished task in terms of the UPGs. This requires a new and deeper understanding on UPG contexts, and contextualization research to approach them.3
The homogeneous unit principle (HUP) and people movement concept were introduced by Donald McGavran.4 Although they should have been applied to pioneer fields of UPGs, they were instead applied to the open harvest fields of the already reached peoples. The resulting ¡°church growth movement¡± swept the world with a flood of mammoth churches and the ideology of quantitative growth.5 Alongside this trend in the Christian world, traditional mission work centered on the mission compound remains strong, even in the fields requiring a pioneer type of ministry. It seems that the colonial view of mission, with its goal expanding the institutional and denominational structure of westernized Christianity, was still pervasive. Church planting continued in the form of establishing physical buildings, looking foreign and Western, regardless of the contextual situation or local people¡¯s perspective toward Western forms of Christianity. Because the goal was merely that of planting churches, the role of the missionary was focused on pastoral care of members and teaching them Western forms of Christianity and theology.
However, the situation has been changing. A new era forced us to devote efforts toward pioneering in new areas in a changing world - the UPGs. Looking back on mission history, we see that the reached areas are all from the animistic people groups. We are not saying that the other religions such as Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, etc., have nothing to do with animism. While they have their own holy books and sustain strong formal and mental structures and worldviews, almost nothing has happened in terms of the main thrust of Gospel spreading in the form of movements, except for recent exceptional cases.
Facts in history and the present situation show us the direction we must go. New wine must be put into the new wine skin. What is the concrete direction that we need to follow as we are seeking for His kingdom in the last mission era?
Now we desire to see the movement of God¡¯s kingdom spread in the new frontiers, that is among the UPGs, whether they are found as blocks in cosmopolitan cities, or hidden among primitive savages in a deep jungle.6 This movement must be distinguished from the traditional church growth movement, which is institutional, structural and denominational, in its basic point of view.
With this perspective, some have pursued church planting movements (CPM)7 while others promote insider movements.8 Both of them are focused on UPGs, and look for a true people movement toward Christ to take place.
Among those focusing on CPMs, some are emphasizing incarnational and contextualized ministry, while others are emphasizing the coach¡¯s role in facilitating the rapid multiplication of local churches. The latter case seems to emphasize managerial skill in church planting and multiplication. For those who are following the incarnation and contextualization model, the insider¡¯s perspective must be the first priority. When the term contextualization was introduced, it was said that a new theology should arise in accordance with the various situations of the third world. This means that the Gospel must be understood from the local people¡¯s perspective in a given context that is distinctively different from the Western one, so that it can be good news for them. Then, the Gospel can be spread by its intrinsic power as a movement from within the context. As the movement must be initiated by insider, it is called insider¡¯s movement.
It seems to be a tendency in Muslim ministry, for example, that pro-C4 workers think it important to consider the outsider¡¯s role as that of a facilitator or catalyst in launching a CPM. Pro-C5 workers, on the other hand, seek to follow a more contextualized and incarnational model of ministry, recognizing the importance of insider¡¯s perspective.9 Hence, pro-C5 workers are normally found in the insider¡¯s movement line.10
Pro-C3/C4 workers tend to be in debate with Pro-C5 workers for their insensitivity to the syncretism issue. John Kim suggests a group dynamics that may resolve the issue of C4 and C5 debate.11
The perspective ¡°bonding¡±, introduced by Tom Brewster,12 has become a classic that is accepted by many mission organizations. Bonding encouraged an attitude that a new missionary needs to maintain while learning language. It emphasizes the local people¡¯s context and insider¡¯s perspective. However, the ¡°foray¡± attitude of mission that appeared in his article is still prevalent and creates big problems.
We don¡¯t want structural conflict between the Gospel and host culture. The only thing that we want is to let them know the good news of the Gospel. The Gospel must belong to them as well as us. As a matter of fact, we are not sharing the Gospel that we have, but taking it back to them as it belongs to them. Without true repentance regarding the foray attitude in mission, our mission efforts cannot help but be viewed as a proclamation of new Crusade. If our attitude in the mission field is regarded as a new crusade, we can never expect people movements toward Christ within the Muslim UPGs. What then should we do regarding the remaining task in mission?
Two Current Critical Issues to be Clarified
1. Understanding of the Core Issue of the Remaining Task (the true target of mission)
We need to have clear understandings and definitions of ¡®People Movements to Christ¡¯ including CPM¡¯s and Insider Movements, not only from practitioner point of view, but also from the theological and missiological. We need to deal with the potential danger of the foray attitude of CPM practitioners and the unnatural application of managerial skills toward multiplication, while at the same time, avoiding an extremely isolated insider¡¯s movement that is disconnected from the other parts of the body of Christ.
Thus, we must ask His wisdom in seeking for what is truly indigenous and Biblically genuine movement to Christ. It must pertain the insider¡¯s initiative and perspective but Biblical. I think we need more communication in relation with this very important topic.13
2. Issues on Mobilization and Organization
The next crucial issue is how to fill the gap between the field practitioners on the frontlines of ministry and the pioneer mission strategists, and between the leadership of mainline churches and the mission organizations, in their understandings of the nature of the remaining task of mission.
Ralph Winter has expressed his alarm that huge amount of mission resources and support are going in the wrong direction.14 For proper mission mobilization, those who are called mobilizers and mission leaders must thoroughly understand the reality of the remaining task and field situations in terms of missiological reality.15 Therefore, the discussion of the issues from frontier fields must not be limited to that of practitioners. The foray attitude of foreign missionaries,16 that must have rooted to the imperial spirit of colonial period, and ill-advised allocation of mission resources can be overcome only through a much more systematic approach that necessitates cooperation from all organizational networks.
Besides this, mobilization, training, candidate process and field guidance must be dealt with in synchronized way especially for frontier missions. Those activities done in separate manner without mutual connection surely result in serious tension between the home sending structures and the field receiving bodies. This automatically causes unnecessary loss of mobilized manpower and recourses.
Three Proposals Inviting Action
1. Regular consultations and forums need to be initiated to clarify the frontier mission issues.17 There are ¡°CPM/Insider Movements¡±, ¡°C4/C5 debates¡±, ¡°Contextualization/Syncretism¡±, ¡°Ecclesia¡±, etc. among the issues. Through the consultations we need to find the ways resulting in synergistic mission efforts. Most importantly, clear understandings of ¡°Insider Movement¡±, not only from practitioner point of view, but also from the theological and missiological, will greatly help the main stream of mission frontiers result in synergistic effect to speed up the movements.
2. Mission conference need to be prepared to draw up or affirm a covenant statement, declaring our attitude of mission abolishing the trace of Crusade and colonial spirit of foray and leaving Westernized and mission station based traditional ministry often resulting in structural conflict, for the pioneering mission for the remaining task among UPGs. For this purpose, existing mission conferences may deal with this issue as a special subject and try to get a consensus by withdrawing a mission covenant.18
3. International Mission Research Network is necessary. Each organization may have its own research center. However, it is necessary to form a network between the research centers. From one point, unique and creative researches for organizational purpose are important, but from the other point of view holistic and global research network is very important in this post modern era the things are changing so rapidly. This network doesn¡¯t necessarily need working space. But, the cyber network could be utilized.19
Acknowledgement
I wish to express an acknowledgement and special thanks to Harley Talman for his discussion and kind help in editing this article, and also to Dr. Ralph D. Winter for his great work challenging us to new frontiers.20
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À̽´¿¡ Á¢±ÙÇϱâ À§ÇÑ Á¦¾È
Crucial Issues on the Remaining Task in Modern Mission:
A suggestion on how to approach the issues
±è¿äÇÑ John Kim
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ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »óȲ °¡¿îµ¥, Áö¸®ÀûÀÎ °Á¶Á¡Àº µÚ·Î ÇÑ, ¼±±³ÀÇ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Â »õ·Î¿î °ú¾÷¿¡´ëÇÑ ÀνÄÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ¹ÌÀüµµ Á¾Á·¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °üÁ¡¿¡ ÀǰßÀÇ ÀÏÄ¡¸¦ º¸°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ÀνÄÀº ¹ÌÀüµµ Á¾Á·ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â »óȲµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »õ·Ó°í ±íÀº ÀÌÇØ¸¦ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ¿´°í, ±×µé¿¡°Ô´Â »óÈ²È Á¢±ÙÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ¿´´Ù.3
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C3/C4¸¦ ÁöÇâÇÏ´Â »ç¿ªÀÚµéÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡ C5 »ç¿ªÀÚµéÀÌ È¥ÇÕÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¹Î°¨ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Ù°í ³íÀïÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±è¿äÇÑÀº ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© C4¿Í C5ÀÇ °¥µîÀ» ÇØ°áÇÏ´Â ¹æ¾ÈÀ¸·Î Áý´Ü ´ÙÀ̳׹ͽº ¸ðµ¨À» Á¦½ÃÇÑ´Ù.11
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±× ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ À̽´°¡ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Â °ú¾÷ÀÇ ¼º°ÝÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ÇöÀå »ç¿ªÀÚµé°ú Àü¹æ°³Ã´¼±±³ Àü·«°¡µé »çÀÌÀÇ, ÁÖ¿ä ±³´Ü ÁöµµÀÚµé°ú ¼±±³´Üüµé »çÀÌÀÇ °£°ÝÀ» Á¼È÷´Â ÀÏÀÌ´Ù.
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À̿ܿ¡, µ¿¿ø, ÈÆ·Ã, ¼±±³»ç Èĺ¸ÀÚ °úÁ¤, ¹× ÇöÀå »ç¿ªÁö ¾È³»¿¡ À̸£±â ±îÁö ƯÈ÷ Àü¹æ°³Ã´»ç¿ª¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ÀÌ ¸ðµç ´Ü°èµéÀº ÀüüÀûÀ¸·Î Àϰü¼º ÀÖ°Ô ´Ù·ç¾îÁ®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. °¢ ´Ü°è ¸¶´Ù »óÈ£ °ü·Ã¼ºÀÌ ¾øÀÌ µ¶¸³ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼öÇàµÇ´Â Ȱµ¿µéÀº ºÐ¸í º»±¹ÀÇ ÆÄ¼Û ±â°ü°ú ÇöÀåÀÇ ¼ö¿ë ±â±¸ °£¿¡ ½É°¢ÇÑ °¥µîÀ» ¾ß±âÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ÀÚ¿¬ÀÌ µ¿¿øµÈ Àη°ú ÀÚ¿øÀ» ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÏ°Ô ¼Õ½ÇÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â ¿øÀÎÀ» ÃÊ·¡ÇÑ´Ù.
¼¼ °¡ÁöÀÇ ½ÇÇàÀ» À§ÇÑ Á¦¾È
1. Á¤±âÀûÀΠȸÀÇ¿Í Æ÷·³À» ÅëÇÏ¿© Àü¹æ°³Ã´¼±±³ÀÇ À̽´µéÀ» ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù.17 ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ À̽´µé °¡¿îµ¥¿¡´Â ¡°±³È¸°³Ã´¿îµ¿/³»ºÎÀڿ(CPM/Insider Movements)¡±, ¡°C4/C5 ³íÀ, ¡°»óȲÈ/È¥ÇÕÁÖÀÇ(Contextualization/Syncretism)¡±, ¡°±³È¸(Ecclesia)¡± µî°ú °°Àº °ÍµéÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵȴÙ. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ðÀÓÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¼±±³Àû ¼ö°í °¡¿îµ¥¿¡ ½Ã³ÊÁö È¿°ú¸¦ ³»´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù. °¡Àå Áß¿äÇϰԴÂ, ³»ºÎÀڿ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÐ¸íÇÑ ÀÌÇØ°¡ ´ÜÁö ÇöÀå »ç¿ªÀÚÀÇ °üÁ¡¿¡¼»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½ÅÇÐÀûÀÌ°í ¼±±³ÇÐÀûÀÎ °üÁ¡¿¡¼ Á¤¸®µÉ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â Àü¹æ°³Ã´¼±±³ÀÇ ÁÖ·ù·Î¼ ±×·¯ÇÑ ¿îµ¿À» ÁöÇâÇÏ´Â »ç¿ªÀڵ鿡°Ôµµ ±× ¿îµ¿À» °¡¼ÓÈÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ½Ã³ÊÁö È¿°ú¸¦ ³º°Ô ÇÒ °ÍÀÓ¿¡ Ʋ¸²¾ø´Ù.
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3. ±¹Á¦ ¼±±³¿¬±¸ ³×Æ®¿öÅ©°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. °¢ ¼±±³ ´Üü´Â °¢°¢ÀÇ ¿¬±¸¼¾Å͸¦ °¡Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿¬±¸¼¾ÅÍ °£¿¡ ³×Æ®¿öÅ©°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ¾î¶² ¸é¿¡¼ °¢ ´Üü´Â ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© °íÀ¯Çϰí âÀÇÀûÀÎ ¿¬±¸°¡ Áß¿äÇÏÁö¸¸, ´Ù¸¥ °üÁ¡¿¡¼ º¼ ¶§¿¡ ÃÑüÀûÀÌ°í ¼¼°èÀûÀÎ ¿¬±¸ ³×Æ®¿öÅ©°¡ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº, ÀÌ ¼¼°è°¡ ¾öû³ª°Ô »¡¸® º¯ÇÏ´Â Æ÷½ºÆ®¸ð´ø ½Ã´ë¸¦ Áö³ª°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿¬±¸ ³×Æ®¿öÅ©´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÏÇÒ Àå¼Ò°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. »çÀ̹ö ³×Æ®¿öÅ©¸¦ Ȱ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.19
°¨»çÀÇ ±Û
ÀÌ ±ÛÀ» ÁغñÇÏ¸é¼ °°ÀÌ ÅäÀÇÇϸç, ¿µ¾î ¹®ÀåÀ» ´Ùµë¾î ÁØ, ÇÒ·¹ÀÌ Å»¸¸(Harley Talman)¹Ú»ç¿Í ¿ì¸®·Î Àü¹æ°³Ã´¼±±³¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¾öû³ µµÀüÀ» °¡Á®´Ù ÁØ ¶öÇÁ À©ÅÍ ¹Ú»ç²² °¨»çÀÇ ¶æÀ» ÀüÇÕ´Ï´Ù.20
1 Ralph D. Winter, Perspectives on the World Christian Movement (Pasadena: William Carey Library, 1999), pp. 253-261.
2 See ¡°Part 1. The Historical Background of Contextualization¡±: David J. Hesselgrave, Contextualization ? Meanings, Methods, and Models (Pasadena: William Carey Library, 2000).
3 For some overview in Islamic context, see Sam Schlorff, ¡°The Translational Model for Mission in Resistant Muslim Society: A Critique and Alternative(I)¡± Seedbed, Vol. XIII, No. 3, 1998.
4 See ¡°The Bridge of God¡± by Donald A. McGavran for a brief overview: Ralph D. Winter, Perspectives on the World Christian Movement (Pasadena: William Carey Library, 1999), pp. 323-338.
5 C. Peter Wagner & Donald A. McGavran, Understanding Church Growth (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2001); For somewhat theological and historical understanding, see J. Robertson McQuilkin, Measuring the Church Growth Movement (Chicago: The Moody Bible Institute, 1974).
6 There exists certain view on the mission strategy for cosmopolitan areas so called gateway cities, that is often said that UPG concept is not a good approach to the multicultural and multiethnic situation in city settings. However, as we see all the ethnic and professional blocks in LA, ethnic blocks of which character is distinctive and somewhat homogeneous are commonly found in any city settings as well. Because of the distinctiveness between the blocks, a UPG block keeps remaining as UPG.
7 David Garrison, Church Planting Movements (Wiesbaden: IMB, 1999)
8 See Kevin Higgins, ¡°The Key to Insider Movements: The ¡°Devoted¡¯s¡± of Acts¡±, ¡± IJFM, 21:4, Winter, 2005, pp. 155-165; John Travis, ¡°Insider Movements¡±, Mission Frontiers, Sept-Oct, 2005; Mission Frontiers, Jan-Feb 2006, pp. 16-23.
9 For the definitions of C4 and C5, see John Travis, ¡°The C1 to C6 Spectrum¡±, EMQ, October 1998, pp. 407-408; ¡°Messianic Muslim Followers of Jesus: A Closer Look at C5,¡± IJFM, 17(1):53-59, 2000.
10 See Mission Frontiers, Jan-Feb, 2006, USCWM. There is a conversation on Insider Movements, pp. 16-23.
11 John Kim, ¡°Muslim Villagers Coming to Faith in Christ: A Case Study and Model of Group Dynamics¡±, pp. 239-254, in From the Straight Faith to the Narrow Way, edited by David H. Greenlee, 2005, Authentic.
12 E. Thomas Brewster & Elizabeth S. Brewster, Language Learning is Communication-is Mission : Bonding (Pasadena: Lingua House, 1984).
13 See Mission Frontiers, Jan-Feb, 2006, USCWM (There is a conversation on Insider Movements, pp. 16-23); David Garrison, ¡°Insider Movements vs CPM¡±, IJFM, Fall, 2004; Church Planting Movements vs. Insider Movements Missiological Realities vs. Mythological Speculations, Winter, 2004. KJFM will deal with this subjects in the coming issues.
14 According to 2002 data, only around 1 % out of 15,500 Billion of Annual Global Church Finance in US dollars is spent for work among still Unevangelized and Unreached people groups, called World C. (See, statistics of ¡°special info for pastor¡¯s page¡± on http://uscwm.org)
15 Alan Johnson, ¡°Analyzing the Frontier Mission Movement and Unreached People Thinking¡±, IJFM, 18:2, Summer, 2001. (KJFM, No.2, Jan-Feb, 2006, in Korean).
16 Interestingly enough, many overseas missionaries from 2/3 world countries (e.g. Korea, Philippines, etc), mostly influenced and taught by Western system of Christianity, tend to take over some unoccupied areas left by former Western missionaries, with that attitude.
17 As is ISFM in the States, KFMN (Korea Frontier Missions Network) in Korea will try to play a role as the mediator for this kind of consultation and KJFM will be a field where open discussion will take place on the issues.
18 The author claims that this reflection needs to be made for many Koreans as well as Western workers.
19 KFMN and KJFM will be willing to take part in this sort of network especially with Asian perspective. If anybody is interested in this research network, then contact John Kim at john_yoon@psmail.net (Int¡¯l Coord., KFMN).
20 Minor modification has been made from the author¡¯s article presented at a USCWM meeting when the author was taking the home assignment in US in 2004.
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